Breasts
(Mammary Glands)
Description
Breasts are present in male and females and lie over the
pectoral muscles of the thorax between the second and sixth
ribs. They develop in the females during puberty, increase
in size during pregnancy and atrophy in old age. Each breast
has 12 to 20 lobes subdivided into lobules. Each lobule
has a cluster of alveoli opening into ducts which unite
with other ducts which eventually terminate in the nipple.
The
ducts near the nipple expand to create reservoirs for the
milk.The breast also contains a large amount of fat, as
well as numerous lymphatic vessels. Around the nipple is
a dark area of skin called the areola.
The
breasts become functional after childbirth following the
release of lactogenic hormone and prolactin. The initial
secretion is called colostrum and contains protein and sugar.
This is replaced by milk within 2 to 3 days which also contain
fat. At the height of milk production up to 1.5 litres may
be formed each. Milk consists of protein, fat, milk sugar,
mineral salts, vitamins A, B, C and D, as well as 88% water.
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Breast Examination
Taking good care of your breasts involves a simple, monthly
examination. By following a few, easy steps, you will soon
know what is normal for you and will quickly be aware of
any changes.
If you find a lump or other change, note down where it is
and make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible.
Self Examination by Looking and Feeling
How to Look
• Stand up straight in
front of a mirror with your arms loosely by your sides.
• Raise your arms above
your head and move from side to side so you can see your
breasts in the mirror, from different angles.
What to Look For
• A change in the size
of either breast.
• A change in the shape
or position of either nipple.
• Bleeding or discharge
from the nipples.
• Unusual dimpling or
puckering.
How to Feel for Changes
1. Lie flat
on your back with your head on a pillow. Put a folded towel
under the shoulder on the side of the breast you are checking.
This helps to spread the tissue so that it is easier to
feel. Examine one breast at a time.
2.
Put the hand on the same side of the breast that you are
going to examine under your head.
3.
With your other hand flat and fingers together, use
the flats of your fingers to feel around the breast in small,
circular movements, in an anticlockwise direction.
4.
Cover the whole of the breast including the nipple.
5.
Check your armpit for lumps in the same way, starting in
the hollow and moving down towards the breast.
Now
examine the other breast in the same way.
If you think you have found something, feel the
same area on the opposite breast. If they are the same it's
probably just your shape, but if you are at all worried,
do visit your doctor.
